Standalone Phono Pre-amp翻译原文

Standalone Phono Pre-amp翻译原文 The purpose of this teaching note is to summarize the key ideas in systems theory and to show how they provide a useful framework for studying management control. There is a large body of literature in systems theory and it is hard to do justice to all of it. This note is not intended as a comprehensive literature review. Approaches to Understanding our World Scientists and philosophers have long wrestled with the problem of how we understand and make sense of our world. There are both descriptive and prescriptive approaches to understanding our world. On the descriptive side, theories of cognition, perception and thinking describe how we humans organize stimuli and make sense out of them. On the prescriptive side, there are two approaches to making sense of the world. The first is reductionism and the other is a systems approach. Reductionism asserts that the best way to understand new phenomena is to study the functioning or properties of its individual parts. For example, the best way to understand the working of the human body would be break it into its components, (organs, muscles, tissue, bones, cells) and to study the properties of each element. Systems theory focuses on the relations between the parts. Rather than reducing an entity such as the human body into its parts or elements (e.g. organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the arrangement of and relations between the parts how they work together as a whole. The way the parts are organized and how they interact with each other determines the properties of that system. The behavior of the system is independent of the properties of the elements. This often referred to as a holistic approach to understanding phenomena. 1 © Shahid Ansari, 2004. This teaching note has been compiled from a vast body of existing literature on systems and cybernetics. It is intended to provide students with a summary of the major ideas in the field of systems theory. The summary of systems ideas does not represent original research by the author. The major sources that I have relied upon have been cited. However, some may have been inadvertently omitted. There is no conscious attempt to plagiarize someone else’s work and represent it as the original work by the author. Only the organization and application of systems ideas to management control represent original work of the author.